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91.
Introduction
The often applied engineering approach to safety management in the construction industry needs to be supplemented by organizational measures and measures based on how people conceive and react to their social environment. This requires in-depth knowledge of the broad preconditions for high safety standards in construction. The aim of the study was to comprehensively describe the preconditions and components of high safety standards in the construction industry from the perspective of both experienced construction workers and first-line managers.Method
Five worker safety representatives and 19 first-line managers were interviewed, all strategically selected from within a large Swedish construction project. Phenomenographic methodology was used for data acquisition and analysis and to categorize the information. Nine informants verified the results.Results
The study identified four main categories of work safety preconditions and components: (1) Project characteristics and nature of the work, which set the limits of safety management; (2) Organization and structures, with the subcategories planning, work roles, procedures, and resources; (3) Collective values, norms, and behaviors, with the subcategories climate and culture, and interaction and cooperation; and (4) Individual competence and attitudes, with the subcategories knowledge, ability and experience, and individual attitudes.Discussion
The results comprehensively describe high safety standards in construction, incorporating organizational, group, individual, and technical aspects. High-quality interaction between different organizational functions and hierarchical levels stood out as important aspects of safety. The results are discussed in relation to previous research into safety and into the social-psychological preconditions for other desired outcomes in occupational settings.Impact on Industry
The results can guide construction companies in planning and executing construction projects to a high safety standard. 相似文献92.
Marie Frederiksen Marianne Thomsen Katrin Vorkamp Lisbeth E. Knudsen 《Chemosphere》2009,76(11):1464-1469
The levels and congener patterns of PBDEs were investigated in human placental samples in Denmark. The median concentrations of ∑PBDEtri-hepta and BDE-209 in the 50 samples were 1.22 and 1.14 ng g−1 lw, respectively, with the total sum ranging from 0.51 to 17.1 ng g−1 lw, which is similar to previous placental studies. The PBDE content in placental tissue was dominated by BDE-209, which accounted for approximately 50% of the total amount of PBDEs. BDE-47, -99, and -153 were detected in all samples. Approximately equal amounts of BDE-47 and BDE-153 were observed in the placental tissue, which is in agreement with previous European studies of human serum. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to analyze congener patterns within and between mothers. The loading plot showed groupings of the measured PBDE variables in three groups, representative of Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE technical mixtures. Congeners representing the individual technical mixtures were close to orthogonal or inversely correlated, indicating variation in the congener patterns of internal exposure corresponding to the patterns of technical mixtures used in products. Visualisation of the participant objects according to body mass index (BMI), revealed inherent congener patterns (19% X-variance) showing increased frequency for participants within the highest BMI group to have elevated concentrations of BDE-209 in the placental tissue. 相似文献
93.
We assessed current water consumption during liquid fuel production, evaluating major steps of fuel lifecycle for five fuel
pathways: bioethanol from corn, bioethanol from cellulosic feedstocks, gasoline from U.S. conventional crude obtained from
onshore wells, gasoline from Saudi Arabian crude, and gasoline from Canadian oil sands. Our analysis revealed that the amount
of irrigation water used to grow biofuel feedstocks varies significantly from one region to another and that water consumption
for biofuel production varies with processing technology. In oil exploration and production, water consumption depends on
the source and location of crude, the recovery technology, and the amount of produced water re-injected for oil recovery.
Our results also indicate that crop irrigation is the most important factor determining water consumption in the production
of corn ethanol. Nearly 70% of U.S. corn used for ethanol is produced in regions where 10–17 liters of water are consumed
to produce one liter of ethanol. Ethanol production plants are less water intensive and there is a downward trend in water
consumption. Water requirements for switchgrass ethanol production vary from 1.9 to 9.8 liters for each liter of ethanol produced.
We found that water is consumed at a rate of 2.8–6.6 liters for each liter of gasoline produced for more than 90% of crude
oil obtained from conventional onshore sources in the U.S. and more than half of crude oil imported from Saudi Arabia. For
more than 55% of crude oil from Canadian oil sands, about 5.2 liters of water are consumed for each liter of gasoline produced.
Our analysis highlighted the vital importance of water management during the feedstock production and conversion stage of
the fuel lifecycle. 相似文献
94.
The aims were to identify sustainable development priorities and perceived responsibility of sustainable development issues.
Differences in opinions between politicians, officials, environmental representatives and the public in four Swedish municipalities
were analysed. Sustainable development issues were perceived as more important on the global level than on the municipal and
family levels. Among the most important issues on both the global and family levels were clean air, fresh water, and health,
whereas decision-making, co-operation, and participation were considered most important on the municipal level. The highest
responsibility for sustainable development issues was placed on governments and global organizations and the lowest on the
individual. The public felt less individual responsibility and less possibility to influence than did the other groups. The
correlation between importance and responsible on municipal and world levels was high but low on the individual level. The
responsibility for the most important issue on the family level (clean air) was placed on governments and global organizations.
An attitude change is needed to increase responsibility for issues ranked low on individual responsibility. To further raise
the awareness of global sustainable development issues, an increased concentration on locally based international co-operation
projects is suggested. 相似文献
95.
96.
Stranger M Potgieter-Vermaak S Sacco P Quaglio F Pagani D Cocheo C Godoi AF Van Grieken R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,149(1-4):411-417
A diffusive sampling method for the determination of gaseous acetic and formic acids, using a radial symmetry diffusive sampler, has been optimised for a 7-day exposure time in this study. Sampling rate determinations were performed on data obtained from a dynamic exposure chamber, simulating the indoor conditions of an empty, closed, room, at room temperature and minimal wind speed. Analysis has been performed by means of ion chromatography. The sampling rates for formic acid concentrations of 128 microg m(-3) and 1248 microg m(-3) were determined to be 91.2 +/- 3.9 ml min(-1) and 111.6 +/- 2.8 ml min(-1), respectively. The acetic acid sampling rate was independent of the concentration in the range 160 microg m(-3)-1564 microg m(-3), and amounted to 97.3 +/- 3.1 ml min(-1). Experimentally determined sampling rates showed deviations of 3% for acetic acid, and 3-21% for formic acid, in relation to theoretically derived values. The blank values were as low as 1.69 +/- 0.07 microg for formic acid and 1.21 +/- 0.14 microg for acetic acid, and detection limits lower than 0.5 microg m(-3) could be achieved, which is an improvement of 98-99% compared to previously validated diffusive sampling methods. This study describes the first step of an extended validation program in which the applicability of these types of samplers for the measurement of organic acids will be validated and optimised for the environmental conditions typical for museum showcases. 相似文献
97.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the organochlorine compounds polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, HCB, chlordane-related pesticides, HCH and toxaphene were analysed in blubber of juvenile ringed seals from Central West Greenland collected between 1982 and 2006. The longest time series could be established for PBDEs, partly based on archived material, while PCBs and DDTs covered a study period from 1994-2006. All organochlorines showed decreasing trends, most pronounced for DDT and HCH with an annual change of 8%. BDE-47 had a significantly increasing trend of 5% annually. It was the only BDE congener consistently above the detection limit, with annual median concentrations between 0.78 ng/g lw to 3.54 ng/g lw, i.e. about 10 times lower than values from East Greenland observed in a similar time trend study on ringed seal blubber [Rigét F, Vorkamp K, Dietz R, Rastogi SC. Temporal trend studies on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ringed seals from East Greenland. J Environ Monit 2006; 8: 1000-5]. A clear East>West difference was also found for PCBs and DDTs, but not for chlordanes, toxaphene or HCHs. Sigma 10-PCB, Sigma DDT and Sigma Chlordanes had similar annual median concentrations, typically exceeding SigmaPBDE by two orders of magnitude. The concentrations of HCH and toxaphene were in an intermediate group, with highest annual median concentrations of 135 ng/g lw and 20 ng/g lw, respectively. For most compound groups, the circumpolar trend previously established under for example the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme was confirmed, but apparently, more data are needed for chlordane-related compounds and toxaphene. Statistical analyses of the compound patterns in the ringed seal samples revealed significantly greater differences between seals from East and West than between different sampling years. Higher proportions of PCBs and DDTs and lower proportions of chlordanes and HCHs were found in seals from East Greenland than in those from West Greenland. Based on principal component analysis of individual congener and compounds, seals from East Greenland were found to contain higher proportions of the higher chlorinated CB congeners. Varying patterns between sampling locations may be caused by different exposure situations related to contaminant emissions and transport, but different feeding habits may also affect the contaminant composition. 相似文献
98.
Hérivaux Cécile Rey-Valette Hélène Rulleau Bénédicte Agenais Anne-Laurence Grisel Marianne Kuhfuss Laure Maton Laure Vinchon Charlotte 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(6):1815-1828
Regional Environmental Change - This article proposes an innovative approach to assess the benefits of adapting to sea level rise (SLR) in a coastal area on a regional scale. The valuation... 相似文献
99.
Few urban environmental stewardship, or civic ecology, practices monitor their impacts on local communities and ecosystems. This lack of monitoring prevents lay stewards from adapting their practices based on outcomes. For those that do collect data on their practices, we see different forms of practitioner engagement in outcomes monitoring. We categorise these different forms of engagement according to five published models of public participation in scientific research, revealing different strategies for collecting and analysing data towards adaptive co-management in urban ecosystems. We propose two broad strategies for expanding outcomes monitoring in these contexts: creating openly accessible tools and protocols for do-it-yourself inquiry and supporting more resource-intensive partnerships between practitioners and scientists for more complex forms of outcomes monitoring. 相似文献
100.
The photocatalytical inactivation of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis,...) in the flow‐through plate solar reactor by sunlight was investigated. The low stability of bacteria in the reactor was attributed to bacteria sensitivity to mixing and/or gas bubbling. Sunlight inactivation proceeds with sufficient rate even under cloudy conditions. 相似文献